Chess problems

This article is an extract from the chess website bestofchess.com.... you can read the full article by clicking on the link below. Chess problems, or chess composition, are  puzzles set by somebody using chess pieces on a chess board, that presents the solver with a particular task to be achieved. For instance, a position might be given with the instruction that White is to move first, and checkmate Black in two moves against any possible defense. A person who creates such problems is known as a composer. There is a good deal of specialized jargon used in connection with chess problems; see chess problem terminology for a list.

There is not a sharp defenition of the term “chess problem” : there is no clear demarcation between chess compositions on the one hand and puzzles or tactical exercises on the other. In practice, however, the distinction is very clear. There are common characteristics shared by compositions in the problem section of chess magazines, in specialist chess problem magazines, and in collections of chess problems in book form. Not every chess problem has every one of these features, but most have many:

• The position is composed – that is, it has not been taken from an actual game, but has been invented for the specific purpose of providing a problem. Although a constraint on orthodox chess problems is that the original position be reachable via a series of legal moves from the starting position, most problem positions would not arise in over-the-board play.
• There is a specific stipulation, that is, a goal to be achieved; for example, to checkmate Black within a specified number of moves.
• There is a theme (or combination of themes) that the problem has been composed to illustrate: chess problems typically instantiate particular ideas.
• The problem exhibits economy in its construction: no greater force is employed than that required to render the problem sound (that is, to guarantee that the problem’s intended solution is indeed a solution and that it is the problem’s only solution).
• The problem has aesthetic value. Problems are experienced not only as puzzles but as objects of beauty. This is closely related to the fact that problems are organized to exhibit clear ideas in as economical a manner as possible.
• Problems can be contrasted with tactical puzzles often found in chess columns or magazines in which the task is to find the best move or sequence of moves (usually leading to mate or gain of material) from a given position. Such puzzles are often taken from actual games, or at least have positions which look as if they could have arisen during a game, and are used for instructional purposes. Most such puzzles fail to exhibit the above features.

Types of Chess problems:

There are may types of chess problems:
Directmates: White to move first and checkmate Black within a specified number of moves against any defence. These are often referred to as “mate in n”, where n is the number of moves within which mate must be delivered. In composing and solving competitions, directmates are further broken down into three classes:

• Two-movers: White to move and checkmate Black in two moves against any defence.
• Three-movers: White to move and checkmate Black in no more than three moves against any defence.
• More-movers: White to move and checkmate Black in n moves against any defence, where n is some particular number greater than three.

Helpmates: Black to move first cooperates with White to get Black’s own king mated in a specified number of moves.
Selfmates: White moves first and forces Black (in a specified number of moves) to checkmate White.
Helpselfmates: White to move first cooperates with Black to get a position of selfmate in one move.
Reflexmates: a form of selfmate with the added stipulation that each side must give mate if it is able to do so. (When this stipulation applies only to Black, it is a semi-reflexmate.)
Seriesmovers: one side makes a series of moves without reply to achieve a stipulated aim. Check may not be given except on the last move. A seriesmover may take various forms:

• Seriesmate: a directmate with White playing a series of moves without reply to checkmate Black.
• Serieshelpmate: a helpmate in which Black plays a series of moves without reply after which White plays one move to checkmate Black.
• Seriesselfmate: a selfmate in which White plays a series of moves leading to a position in which Black is forced to give mate.
• Seriesreflexmate: a reflexmate in which White plays a series of moves leading to a position in which Black can, and therefore must, give mate.